Well, if the U.K. optimized for infrastructure (factories mostly) they could replace the 10 factories lost to Australia easily within 6 years and still have 8,000 tons of material for construction in that 6 year period. Added to this is whatever the new factories produce as they come on-line at roughly three every seven to eight quarters with the tenth factory made over a longer period of time or even faster as the new factories are added.
Plus I think the U.K. finished an additional 5 factories in 1928, so that brings the remaining factories to 50 again.
While it might take 20 years to regain the investment, those extra materials will not be as useful before the building holiday or treaty expire for Britian. So by 1935 or 1936, when they have 60 factories, they can begin to out produce about everybody with carriers, battleships, cruisers...anything, at the time it is needed, and not wasting it during the time when the nation can't really produce the warships by treaty limitations. I don't think you can just store that much material for later. (We are talking about at least 1,080,000 tons worth of material over six years.)