The US is looking into the 0.60 inch cartridge (15.2 x 114mm) as an anti-tank rifle round, with the T1E1 as the rifle to fire it.
Naval guns as self-propelled weapons are fairly unlikely at this point in time: the vast majority of army indirect fire weapons are howitzers, because they fire more destructive shells on different trajectories and are less affected by intervening terrain than guns are. The main advantage of the longer-barreled, higher velocity guns is that they can shoot farther, but that's of limited value in any role other than counter-battery. The downsides are that, because of the flatter trajectory, any intervening terrain has a larger blind zone behind it, and the shells (for a given bore size) have less explosive filling.