WesWorld

Proposal for refitting the eight Vardar class gunboats

Vardar, Yugoslav Armoured Gunboat laid down 1937

Displacement: 1,047 t light; 1,104 t standard; 1,245 t normal; 1,359 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught

235.64 ft / 229.66 ft x 31.17 ft x 10.50 ft (normal load) [71.82 m / 70.00 m x 9.50 m x 3.20 m]

Armament:

4 - 4.72" / 120 mm guns (2x2 guns), 52.72lbs / 23.91kg shells, 1937 Model Dual purpose guns in deck mounts with hoists on centreline ends, evenly spread
4 - 1.57" / 40.0 mm guns (2x2 guns), 1.95lbs / 0.88kg shells, 1937 Model Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts on side, all amidships, all raised mounts - superfiring
12 - 0.79" / 20.0 mm guns (6x2 guns), 0.24lbs / 0.11kg shells, 1937 Model Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts 0n side, evenly spread
Weight of broadside 222 lbs / 100 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 250

Armour:

Belts: Width (max) Length (avg) Height (avg)
Main: 1.97" / 50 mm 118.11 ft / 36.00 m 13.12 ft / 4.00 m
Ends: Unarmoured
Main Belt covers 79 % of normal length

Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 1.97" / 50 mm 1.57" / 40 mm 2.36" / 60 mm
2nd: 0.98" / 25 mm 0.59" / 15 mm -
3rd: 0.59" / 15 mm - -

Armour deck: 1.18" / 30 mm, Conning tower: 1.57" / 40 mm

Machinery: Diesel Internal combustion motors, Geared drive, 2 shafts, 5,608 shp / 4,184 Kw = 20.00 kts
Range 3,600nm at 15.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 255 tons

Complement: 104 - 136

Cost: £0.446 million / $1.782 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:

Armament: 28 tons, 2.2 %
Armour: 280 tons, 22.5 %
- Belts: 138 tons, 11.1 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 26 tons, 2.1 %
- Armour Deck: 112 tons, 9.0 %
- Conning Tower: 4 tons, 0.3 %
Machinery: 155 tons, 12.5 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 553 tons, 44.4 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 198 tons, 15.9 %
Miscellaneous weights: 30 tons, 2.4 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:

Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship): 2,882 lbs / 1,307 Kg = 54.7 x 4.7 " / 120 mm shells or 1.2 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.06
Metacentric height 1.0 ft / 0.3 m
Roll period: 13.2 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 79 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.74
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.57

Hull form characteristics:

Hull has a flush deck
Block coefficient: 0.580
Length to Beam Ratio: 7.37: 1
'Natural speed' for length: 15.15 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 62 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 15.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 22.31 ft / 6.80 m
- Forecastle (12 %): 17.06 ft / 5.20 m
- Mid (41 %): 17.06 ft / 5.20 m
- Quarterdeck (37 %): 8.86 ft / 2.70 m
- Stern: 10.17 ft / 3.10 m
- Average freeboard: 13.62 ft / 4.15 m

Ship space, strength and comments:

Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 62.4 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 143.9 %
Waterplane Area: 5,138 Square feet or 477 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 148 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 57 lbs/sq ft or 280 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.93
- Longitudinal: 5.48
- Overall: 1.12
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather

Refit

Add DRBV-9 Surface and Air Search Radar (7.5 tons)
Add DRBN-1 Navigational Surface and Air Search Radar (2.0 tons)
Add DRBC-3B Fire Control Radar (8.0 tons)
Add Diesel Generator Set (2.5 tons)

10 tons miscellaneous weight still reserved.

Cost to refit - 27 tons
Time to refit - 8 days

Project 1942 Kappa, Yugoslav Destroyer Leader laid down 1942

Displacement: 2,586 t light; 2,753 t standard; 3,280 t normal; 3,702 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught

483.34 ft / 465.88 ft x 44.29 ft x 13.91 ft (normal load) [147.32 m / 142.00 m x 13.50 m x 4.24 m]

Armament:

8 - 4.72" / 120 mm guns (4x2 guns), 52.72lbs / 23.92kg shells, 1936 Model Dual purpose guns in deck mounts with hoists on centreline ends, evenly spread, 2 raised mounts - superfiring
8 - 1.57" / 40.0 mm guns (4x2 guns), 1.95lbs / 0.89kg shells, 1936 Model Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts on side, all amidships, all raised mounts - superfiring
16 - 0.79" / 20.0 mm guns (4x4 guns), 0.24lbs / 0.11kg shells, 1945 Model Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts on side, evenly spread
Weight of broadside 441 lbs / 200 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 400
10 - 21.7" / 550 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:

Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 0.98" / 25 mm 0.59" / 15 mm 0.39" / 10 mm
2nd: 0.59" / 15 mm 0.39" / 10 mm -
3rd: 0.39" / 10 mm - -

Conning tower: 1.97" / 50 mm

Machinery:

Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, Geared drive, 2 shafts, 48,216 shp / 35,969 Kw = 34.00 kts
Range 9,500nm at 15.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 949 tons

Complement: 216 - 281

Cost: £1.993 million / $7.972 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:

Armament: 55 tons, 1.7 %
Armour: 32 tons, 1.0 %
- Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 22 tons, 0.7 %
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Conning Tower: 9 tons, 0.3 %
Machinery: 1,260 tons, 38.4 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 1,159 tons, 35.3 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 694 tons, 21.2 %
Miscellaneous weights: 80 tons, 2.4 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:

Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship): 1,739 lbs / 789 Kg = 33.0 x 4.7 " / 120 mm shells or 0.6 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.20
Metacentric height 2.1 ft / 0.6 m
Roll period: 13.0 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 82 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.41
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.21

Hull form characteristics:

Hull has rise forward of midbreak and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 10.52 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 24.86 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 60 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 68
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 30.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 1.64 ft / 0.50 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 27.40 ft / 8.35 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 20.83 ft / 6.35 m
- Mid (40 %): 20.83 ft / 6.35 m (13.94 ft / 4.25 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 13.94 ft / 4.25 m
- Stern: 13.94 ft / 4.25 m
- Average freeboard: 17.22 ft / 5.25 m

Ship space, strength and comments:

Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 142.0 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 120.4 %
Waterplane Area: 13,181 Square feet or 1,225 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 107 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 51 lbs/sq ft or 248 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.63
- Longitudinal: 1.48
- Overall: 0.69
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

Breakdown of Miscellaneous Weight

Updated Sensor Suite:

DRBV-9 surface and search radar (7.5 tons)
DRBI-3 sentry radar (7.5 tons)
DRBN-1 navigational surface and air search radar (2 tons)
DRBC-3B fire control radar (8 tons)
ARBR-1 radar jammer/detector (2 tons)
SAGEM HF/DF (3 tons)
Diesel-electric generator set for additional power (5 tons)
Gunnery computer for 120mm and 40mm guns (2 tons)

53 tons reserved for future growth

Level 1 Refit (2.5%)

Total cost: 65 tons
Time to refit: 9 days

Neretva, Yugoslav Armoured Gunboat laid down 1941

Displacement: 965 t light; 1,021 t standard; 1,220 t normal; 1,379 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught

238.21 ft / 229.66 ft x 31.17 ft x 10.50 ft (normal load) [72.61 m / 70.00 m x 9.50 m x 3.20 m]

Armament:

4 - 4.72" / 120 mm guns (2x2 guns), 52.72lbs / 23.92kg shells, 1936 Model Dual purpose guns in deck mounts with hoists on centreline ends, evenly spread
4 - 1.57" / 40.0 mm guns (2x2 guns), 1.95lbs / 0.89kg shells, 1936 Model Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts on side, all amidships, all raised mounts - superfiring
12 - 0.79" / 20.0 mm guns (6x2 guns), 0.24lbs / 0.11kg shells, 1928 Model Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts on side, evenly spread
Weight of broadside 222 lbs / 101 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 250

Armour:

Belts: Width (max) Length (avg) Height (avg)
Main: 1.97" / 50 mm 98.43 ft / 30.00 m 13.12 ft / 4.00 m
Ends: Unarmoured
Main Belt covers 66 % of normal length

Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 1.97" / 50 mm 1.57" / 40 mm 2.36" / 60 mm
2nd: 0.98" / 25 mm 0.59" / 15 mm -
3rd: 0.59" / 15 mm - -

Armour deck: 1.18" / 30 mm, Conning tower: 1.57" / 40 mm

Machinery:

Diesel Internal combustion motors, Geared drive, 2 shafts, 5,505 shp / 4,106 Kw = 20.00 kts
Range 5,400nm at 15.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 357 tons

Complement: 103 - 134

Cost: £0.479 million / $1.914 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:

Armament: 28 tons, 2.3 %
Armour: 261 tons, 21.4 %
- Belts: 120 tons, 9.8 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 26 tons, 2.1 %
- Armour Deck: 111 tons, 9.1 %
- Conning Tower: 4 tons, 0.3 %
Machinery: 145 tons, 11.9 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 501 tons, 41.0 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 255 tons, 20.9 %
Miscellaneous weights: 30 tons, 2.5 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:

Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship): 2,924 lbs / 1,326 Kg = 55.5 x 4.7 " / 120 mm shells or 1.2 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.11
Metacentric height 1.1 ft / 0.3 m
Roll period: 12.7 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 79 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.69
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.76

Hull form characteristics:

Hull has raised forecastle
Block coefficient: 0.568
Length to Beam Ratio: 7.37 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 15.15 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 61 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 45
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 15.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 3.28 ft / 1.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 19.69 ft / 6.00 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 17.72 ft / 5.40 m (17.39 ft / 5.30 m aft of break)
- Mid (40 %): 16.73 ft / 5.10 m
- Quarterdeck (30 %): 10.17 ft / 3.10 m
- Stern: 10.17 ft / 3.10 m
- Average freeboard: 14.20 ft / 4.33 m

Ship space, strength and comments:

Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 61.0 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 140.0 %
Waterplane Area: 5,082 Square feet or 472 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 152 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 51 lbs/sq ft or 247 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.83
- Longitudinal: 5.63
- Overall: 1.00
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather

Refit

Add DRBV-9 Surface and Air Search Radar (7.5 tons)
Add DRBN-1 Navigational Surface and Air Search Radar (2.0 tons)
Add DRBC-3B Fire Control Radar (8.0 tons)
Add Diesel Generator Set (2.5 tons)

10 tons miscellaneous weight still reserved.

Cost to refit - 25 tons
Time to refit – 8 days

A brief design sketch for a fast attack craft to replace older vessels in service

Project 1946 Delta Motor Torpedo Boat

Length: 35.89 m
Beam: 5.10 m
Draft: 2.13 m
Displacement: 99.0 tons (114 tons fully loaded)
Engines: Three Marine Diesel Engines, each rated at 2,000 horsepower (2,750 hp for sprint)
Speed: 42/38 knots
Radius: 700 nm at 30 knots
Complement: 23
Armament: Four 550mm torpedo tubes (four torpedoes), six 20mm (3x2) guns

Design based on the historical S.701 class E-boat of the German Navy

Looks ok to me. Six 20mm might be overdoing things a bit. Perhaps 2x2 20mm or 1x2 20mm and 1x1 37-40mm might be better.

A small auxiliary, to support the new motor torpedo boats being acquired.

-----------------

Project 1946 - Theta, Yugoslav Fleet Tender laid down 1946

Displacement: 1,790 t light; 1,863 t standard; 2,135 t normal; 2,352 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught

303.48 ft / 303.48 ft x 42.65 ft x 13.12 ft (normal load) [92.50 m / 92.50 m x 13.00 m x 4.00 m]

Armament:

4 - 4.13" / 105 mm guns (2x2 guns), 35.32lbs / 16.02kg shells, 1946 Model Dual purpose guns in deck mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
4 - 1.57" / 40.0 mm guns (2x2 guns), 1.95lbs / 0.89kg shells, 1936 Model Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts
8 - 0.79" / 20.0 mm guns (4x2 guns), 0.24lbs / 0.11kg shells, 1945 Model Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts on side, evenly spread, 2 raised mounts
Weight of broadside 151 lbs / 69 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 350

Armour:

Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 0.79" / 20 mm 0.59" / 15 mm -
2nd: 0.59" / 15 mm 0.39" / 10 mm -
3rd: 0.39" / 10 mm - -

Conning tower: 0.98" / 25 mm

Machinery:

Diesel Internal combustion motors, Geared drive, 2 shafts, 9,575 shp / 7,143 Kw = 22.00 kts
Range 6,000nm at 15.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 489 tons

Complement: 156 - 204

Cost: £0.794 million / $3.176 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:

Armament: 19 tons, 0.9 %
Armour: 13 tons, 0.6 %
- Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 9 tons, 0.4 %
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Conning Tower: 4 tons, 0.2 %
Machinery: 239 tons, 11.2 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 719 tons, 33.7 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 345 tons, 16.2 %
Miscellaneous weights: 800 tons, 37.5 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:

Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship): 3,096 lbs / 1,404 Kg = 87.7 x 4.1 " / 105 mm shells or 1.0 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.08
Metacentric height 1.6 ft / 0.5 m
Roll period: 14.1 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 50 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.06
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.35

Hull form characteristics:

Hull has a flush deck
Block coefficient: 0.440
Length to Beam Ratio: 7.12: 1
'Natural speed' for length: 17.42 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 55 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 37
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 19.36 ft / 5.90 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 14.11 ft / 4.30 m
- Mid (50 %): 12.14 ft / 3.70 m
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 12.14 ft / 3.70 m
- Stern: 12.14 ft / 3.70 m
- Average freeboard: 13.25 ft / 4.04 m

Ship space, strength and comments:

Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 85.3 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 125.9 %
Waterplane Area: 8,190 Square feet or 761 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 148 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 56 lbs/sq ft or 274 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.94
- Longitudinal: 2.16
- Overall: 1.02
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

Breakdown of Miscellaneous Weight

Ordnance not including torpedoes: 150 tons
Spare torpedoes: 100 tons
Machine shop: 50 tons
Consumable supplies: 400 tons
Additional crew accommodation: 100 tons

Project 1947 Beta, Yugoslav Gunboat-Minelayer laid down 1947

Displacement: 1,535 t light; 1,650 t standard; 1,900 t normal; 2,100 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught

322.07 ft / 314.96 ft x 41.67 ft x 11.48 ft (normal load) [98.17 m / 96.00 m x 12.70 m x 3.50 m]

Armament:

6 - 4.72" / 120 mm guns (3x2 guns), 52.72lbs / 23.91kg shells, 1947 Model Dual purpose guns in deck mounts on centreline ends, majority forward, 1 raised mount - superfiring
8 - 1.57" / 40.0 mm guns (4x2 guns), 1.95lbs / 0.88kg shells, 1947 Model Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts on side, all amidships, all raised mounts - superfiring
8 - 0.79" / 20.0 mm guns (4x2 guns), 0.24lbs / 0.11kg shells, 1947 Model Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts on side, evenly spread
Weight of broadside 334 lbs / 151 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 400

Armour:

Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 0.98" / 25 mm 0.39" / 10 mm -
2nd: 0.39" / 10 mm 0.39" / 10 mm -
3rd: 0.39" / 10 mm - -

Conning tower: 0.98" / 25 mm

Machinery:

Diesel Internal combustion motors,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 6,004 shp / 4,479 Kw = 20.00 kts
Range 6,000nm at 15.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 450 tons

Complement: 143 - 187

Cost: £0.797 million / $3.187 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:

Armament: 42 tons, 2.2 %
Armour: 17 tons, 0.9 %
- Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 14 tons, 0.7 %
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Conning Tower: 3 tons, 0.2 %
Machinery: 148 tons, 7.8 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 1,028 tons, 54.1 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 365 tons, 19.2 %
Miscellaneous weights: 300 tons, 15.8 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:

Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship): 4,291 lbs / 1,947 Kg = 81.4 x 4.7 " / 120 mm shells or 1.5 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.20
Metacentric height 1.9 ft / 0.6 m
Roll period: 12.7 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 65 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.16
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.77

Hull form characteristics:

Hull has a flush deck
Block coefficient: 0.441
Length to Beam Ratio: 7.56: 1
'Natural speed' for length: 17.75 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 48 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 37
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 18.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 0.82 ft / 0.25 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 19.36 ft / 5.90 m
- Forecastle (35 %): 14.27 ft / 4.35 m
- Mid (50 %): 12.47 ft / 3.80 m
- Quarterdeck (25 %): 12.47 ft / 3.80 m
- Stern: 12.80 ft / 3.90 m
- Average freeboard: 13.99 ft / 4.26 m
Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:

Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 63.1 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 141.8 %
Waterplane Area: 8,313 Square feet or 772 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 200 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 79 lbs/sq ft or 386 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 1.31
- Longitudinal: 3.02
- Overall: 1.43
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather

Breakdown of miscellaneous weight:

Four mine rails - 10 tons each - 40 tons
Three hundred 600 kg sea mines - 180 tons
Navigation, search, and fire control radars - 40 tons
Reserved for future growth - 40 tons

Looks good to me.
I assume the minelaying duty is a defensive role given the relatively low speed?

Quoted from "Hood"

Looks good to me.
I assume the minelaying duty is a defensive role given the relatively low speed?

In all probability, yes. Of course, the RYN's area of operations is more circumscribed that the RN's.