THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
People and Culture
Ethnicity
The Russian Federation is an extremely diverse multiethnic state with a population approaching 175 million (1944). Despite numbering over one hundred registered ethnic groups, however, there exists a relative homogeneity due to the Federation's emphasis on teaching the Russian language, and general religious uniformity. Ethnic Slavs (including Russians, Byelorussians, and Ukranians) constitute a majority of the Russian Federation, numbering approximately 85% of the Federation's citizens. The Altaics (speakers of Turkic family languages), Uralic, and Caucausus ethnic groups constitute most of the remaining minorities.
Religion
The Russian Federation allows the free practice of religion within its borders, but remains a strongly Orthodox culture. The Russian Orthodox Church represents a large majority of believers within the Russian Federation; according to some studies, up to 75%. However, due to the lack of seperation of church and state within the Russian Empire, the Orthodox Church was seen as part of the support structure for the Russian Tsars, and following the collapse of the monarchy in 1917, a major shift against the Russian Orthodox Church occurred. A number of other closely-related faiths of the Byzantine tradition, including the Georgian and Armenian Orthodox Churches, saw similar but slightly lessened losses. Protestant churches, including Baptists and German Mennonite communities, comprise a staunch minority. Roman Catholicism, by contrast, represents a small and relatively static minority, as an informal understanding exists between the Orthodox and Catholic hierarchies that they do not proselytize on the "territories" of the other.
A minority of religious individuals, particularly in the Caucasus regions, follow Islam, although the Russian Federation government tends to make a hostile environment for those of Islamic faiths, despite officially tolerating their beliefs.
Population Centers
Moscow, Petrograd, Kiev, and Minsk are the main cities. Petrograd, called Saint Petersburg until 1917, serves as the capital of the Russian Federation, although Moscow has overtaken it in size and population. Petrograd also serves as the cultural capital of Russia, based on the vibrant Nevsky Prospekt, the Angliyskaya Embankment, and other major streets. Moscow (R. Moskva), with a growing industrial population, is more centrally located within European Russia, and serves as one of the major transportation hubs within the northwestern portion of the country. Although it has struggled to rival Petrograd's cultural claim, Moscovites have started to push for their city to become the capital of the Russian Federation. Kiev (R. Kyiv) in the Ukraine and Minsk in Byelorussia also have particularly large and vibrant populations. Novosibirsk, Omsk, and Krasnoyarsk serve as the central cities of Siberia, while in the Russian Far East, Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk hold a regional dominance.
Government
Overview
The Russian Federation is a multiparty federative democracy, with the government divided into executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The executive branch is headed by a president who is elected for a six-year term. The president serves as the head of state, setting the tone of foreign and domestic policy and representing the nation abroad. The prime minister (properly Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation), picked by the president and confirmed by the legislative branch, administers the government by appointing the Cabinet to oversee the numerous ministries and bureaus. (See Appendix A: Chief Members of the Russian Government.)
The President also serves as the chairman of the Presidium, which consists of a chairman, a secretary, one deputy from each of the twelve Federation Republics (selected by the Duma), and the twelve chief ministers of the cabinet. The Presidium is designed to make decisions in place of the Duma when the legislative body is not in session, although the Presidium's decisions may be reviewed and overturned later.
The legislative branch is organized in a bicameral parliament, the Federal Assembly. The lower house, the State Duma, consists of five hundred representatives elected for four-year terms. The upper house, the Federation Council, is composed of two representatives from each of the Russian Federation's hundred and nine sub-national divisions.
The judicial branch duties are divided between the Constitutional Court (which is charged with interpreting the Russian Consitution), the Supreme Court, and the Superior Court of Arbitration. Judges in all three bodies are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Duma and the Federation Council.
Politics
Three political parties have dominated the political landscape of the Russian Federation since 1917, with the Socialist Revolutionary Party maintaining a consistently large share of the representation, as well as all sitting presidents between 1917 and 1942. The primary party of opposition has traditionally been the Constitutional Democrats Party. The Social Democratic Workers Party (or Bolsheviks) made strong showings in the early elections, but following the demise of their party leader and chief demogogue V.I. Lenin, their political strength has waned. Over the last ten years, the Social Democratic Workers Party has lost ground to the Socialist Revolutionary Party, even as the Socialist Revolutionary Party lost centrist members to the Constitutional Democrats and other minor political parties. This shift permitted the Constitutional Democrats to gain electoral success in 1942 with the election of Mikhail Fyodorov as president, following Viktor Chernov's retirement after eighteen years in the presidency.
Twelve other parties are represented within the Duma. (See Appendix B: Political Parties of the Russian Federation.) Nearly a fifth of the Duma, however, is composed of nominal independents. Politics are characterized by shifting alliances between the major and minor political parties and the independent representatives. Personal connections and personalities serve as a major element within national politics.
Administrative Subdivisions
The Russian Federation is composed of twelve constituent states, known as Federation Republics, each of which have a high degree of autonomy, including a flag, a coat of arms, an anthem, and an autonomous Council of Deputies. (See Appendix C: Federation Republics of the Russian Federation.) Each of the Federation Republics may in turn include autonomous regions and autonomous republics: there are seventeen within the Federation Republic of Russia alone. (See Appendix D: Autonomous Republics of the Federation Republic of Russia.) In practice, there is little difference between the Autonomous Republics and the Federation Republics aside from a Federation Republic's constitutional right to secede from the Russian Federation. While this is theoretically attainable, in practice it is difficult.
On a lower level than the Autonomous Republics and the Autonomous Regions are oblasts, which undertake everyday administration of regional infrastructure.
Foreign Relations and International Memberships
The Russian Federation is generally pro-Western, but with a political stance of "Eurasianism", with Russian outlook being primarily toward Asia rather than toward Europe. The long-running alliance with France and Atlantis was expanded in 1942 to include Germany, in the so-called "Grand Alliance", which Russian political leaders believe shall cement the reintegration of Germany into the general European society of nations following their defeat in the Great War. However, Russian political leaders have indicated a disinterest in further expansions of this alliance structure. Russia is a longstanding member of the League of Nations and Interpol.
Russia's concern with developments in Asia has resulted in the country becoming a founding member of the Security Agreement for Eastern Regions (SAER). During the Korean Peninsular War in 1943 and 1944, Russian forces in the Far East were mobilized, defensive positions were strengthened, and Russian diplomatic and intelligence-gathering efforts focused on obtaining detailed reports about the intentions of the combatants.
Primary Russian concerns focus on assuring the security of Russian borders and territory, followed closely by their interest in preserving the territorial integrity and sovereignty of its allies and "obligation states" (nations which Russia is treaty-bound to defend against foreign aggression).
Military
Suhoputnye voyska Rossiyskoy Federatsii / Russian Ground Forces
Russian Federation Ground Forces field the largest single army in Europe (or indeed in the Western world), with a mobilized strength of several million men. In peacetime, this figure is significantly lower. The Russian Army employs the use of conscription and, unusually, employs women in primarily non-combatant roles. Males of military age are required to undertake two years of mandatory national service.
At full strength, the Ground Forces field over two hundred divisions, in addition to army-level combined arms units such as transport, artillery, fortified regions, and reconnaissance troops. Forces are divided into Class A troops (standing regular forces) and Class B and C reserves. Army divisions are generally organized as Rifle, Motor Rifle, Mechanized, or Tank divisions. Independent formations such as the Parachutist Brigades round out the order of battle.
Russian military science is well-advanced and organized for conducting land war on a large scale, according to the ideas advanced by long-serving Chief of Operations Mikhail Tukhachevsky. The Russian Ground Forces thus place great emphasis on combined-arms operation by infantry (whether motorized or on foot), tanks, artillery, air support, and non-traditional forces such as paratroops. Russian military commanders are taught that no single weapon system is a 'silver bullet'.
The size of the Russian Ground Forces presents its own challenges, demanding manufacture of arms on a large industrial scale just to achieve minimum equipment levels. During a full mobilization, Russia would be hard-pressed to arm and equip all of its troops in a timely manner. Similarly, the Ground Forces struggles to train many conscripts who are functionally illiterate or semi-literate. Although the Ground Forces undertakes remedial training for these conscripts, it limits the extent of advanced technical training that can be provided to a significant segment of the army.
Voyenno-morskoy Flot Rossiyskoy Federatsii (VMF Rossii) / Military-Maritime Fleet of the Russian Federation
The Russian Navy was founded by Peter the Great, the first emperor of Russia, and draws its histories and traditions from the former Imperial Russian Navy. The VMF has a distinguished tradition of naval warfare on the Baltic and Black Seas, a tradition marred by their humiliating defeat by Japan in 1905. Since that point, Russia has focused on rebuilding a strong and capable battle-fleet, although this recovery was disrupted by the Great War, which caused social and economic upheavals. Despite these difficulties, the Russian Black Sea Fleet managed to stalemate the Ottomans during the war. Construction started again following the end of the Great War as a war to assist with economic recovery. While the Russian Navy still has many challenges to overcome, the fleet remains one of the strongest in the world. Major challenges include geography, with the Navy's ships separated into five isolated units (the Baltic Fleet, the Black Sea Fleet, the Pacific Fleet, the Northern Fleet, and the Caspian Flotilla). Most modern fleet units are deployed with the Northern Fleet, which has the easiest access to the open ocean. The Coastal Artillery Service mans shore batteries at various places of concern.
The Russian Navy operates its own air service, the Aviatsiya Voenno-Morskogo Flota (AV-MF) or Naval Aviation. Russian Naval Aviation uses land rather than naval ranks. Naval Aviation is charged with operating aircraft from naval ships (including aircraft carriers), as well as land-based aircraft charged with naval missions. These land-based aircraft include regiments of fighters to provide air superiority over the fleet, mine-torpedo regiments to attack enemy warships and lay minefields, and reconnaissance aircraft, including land-based flying boats.
The Russian Navy also includes the Morskaya Pekhota (either Naval Infantry or Russian Marines) who are charged with conducting amphibious landings and protecting naval installations from landward and seaward attack. Like Naval Aviation, the Naval Infantry use land-based ranks rather than naval ranks, but their service is subordinated to Navy command. The Morskaya Pekhota fields a strong contingent of specially-designed amphibious landing ships and a number of Naval Rifle Brigades. Russian Marines are distinguished from Russian Army soldiers by their use of the telnyashka, a white and blue striped undershirt that denotes their elite status.
Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily (VVS) / Military Air Forces
The VVS is one of the two Russian air forces (the other being the PVO). The mission of the VVS is focused on asserting air supremacy over the enemy, whether by bombing their industrial and population centers or by conducting close-air support on behalf of the Land Forces. The VVS includes long and short-ranged bombers, as well as reconnaissance aircraft and fighters to escort bombers and interfere with the enemy's air defense interceptors. As a result of its mission, the VVS is more integrated with the operations of the Land Forces than their counterparts in the PVO. The VVS also operates transport and cargo aircraft in support of the Land Forces.
Voyska ProtivoVozdushnoy Oborony (Voyska PVO) / Air Defence Forces
The Voyska PVO holds the responsibility of defending Russian airspace and installations from attack, as well as operating all anti-air artillery and early-warning installations. The PVO thus organizes defensive regions equipped with significant numbers of single- and twin-engine interceptor aircraft, static and mobile AA guns, and electronic radar systems. In some regions, the PVO's responsibilities overlap with those of Naval Aviation, and in these regions, liaison offices or joint commands are formed to combine efforts.
Internal Security Forces
A number of security and paramilitary forces exist within the Russian Federation. A large body of paramilitary troops are employed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs to serve as security forces in support of the Russian police and occasionally military. The second-largest group is the Russian Federation Border Guards, who are charged with patrolling the borders to prevent violations of Russian security as well as unauthorized immigration, smuggling, and other issues. The Main Guard Directorate, or Presidential Guard, serves as the security forces assigned to senior members of the Russian Federation government, as well as government buildings.
The Gosudarstvennaya protivopozharnaya sluzhba (GPPS), or State Fire Service, is organized along paramilitary lines and with military ranks, recruits heavily from the traditional armed forces, and wears uniforms that emulate the Ground Forces.
Economy
Overview
The Russian economy has traditionally been based upon subsistance agriculture and herding. The question of serfdom posed major problems for past rulers of Russia, and although the serfs were eventually liberated by the order of the tsars, their continuing plight fueled unrest in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Foreign and domestic investment in industry, however, resulted in a rising but relatively inefficient economic machine. The Great War choked off Russia's major land and sea arteries for trade with friendly powers, which resulted in near economic collapse and a grave threat of civil war. Only Russia's early withdrawal from the war, as well as the re-opening of the Bosphorus by the Entente, prevented full-fledged disaster, leaving Russia room to painfully recover its footing. The Russian economy did not regain its 1912 state until 1922. Central planning by the various left-leaning and socialist governments and ministries has focused on building an industrial and agricultural base designed to be more resilient to future shocks, focusing on the development of efficient transport infrastructure, heavy industry, and more efficient agriculture. However, corruption and inefficiencies within the state's economic organs result in continued difficulties.
Under this semi-planned economic system, many large industrial concerns are owned or managed indirectly by the Russian central government, although a number of foreign-owned businesses operate very sizeable factories within Russia due to special agreements. Despite this, smaller free-enterprise businesses are given a relatively free hand and have flourished, particularly over the last decade, leading to a recent popular push for greater privatization of the inefficient government-managed large industries.
Agriculture
Russian agriculture has a number of challenges due to a majority of the nation's landmass being in the upper latitudes of the northern hemisphere, where growing seasons are short and the soils are relatively weak. In southern Russia and Ukraine, however, intensive farming of wheat, barley, and oats occurs, with over sixty percent of the land being cultivated. Fodder crops for animals, as well as potatoes, are grown in more northerly latitudes where the shorter growing season and colder temperatures are less problematic. Other cold-resistant crops such as soybeans and sugar beets have seen recent rises in planting, while flax has now become the staple crop for the Russian textile industry. Growth of fruits and vegetables is relatively limited, with private farms and cooperative gardens producing most of these crops. Over the last few years, harvests have been sufficient, although agricultural experts warn that a bad year in one or more agricultural regions could result in the need to import food. Much of the difficulty comes from continued inefficiency through the use of draft animals and poor-quality agricultural machinery.
Fishing and Forestry
Russia's vast Siberian wilderness represents approximately one-sixth of the world's harvestable forested lands, and raw and finished lumber is a major Russian export. Worries about deforestation, as expressed elsewhere in the world, are not seen as a pressing concern given the scale of Siberian forests and the quantity of wood being cut every year.
Industrial fishing operations operate from major Russian ports including Murmansk, Vladivostok, and Tallinn. The Tallinn fishing fleet, previously engaged in small-scale fishing on the Baltic Sea, is currently undergoing a renaissance with the construction of large, high-capacity trawlers and factory ships, and recently became the largest fishing fleet by tonnage within the Russian Federation. The Tallinn fleet now operates in the lower Arctic Ocean, the North Atlantic, and the Norweigian Sea. Whaling operations on the Sea of Okhotsk also represent a substantial economic activity, although the whaling market is slowly declining.
Mining
Russia's geographic size provides a huge variety of natural resources for extraction and use in industry, and the Russian Federation is self-sufficient in almost all industrially-important minerals. Among the few natural materials imported in any quantity are tungsten, bauxite, tin, and mercury. The Russian Federation has extensive deposits of iron ore, and recent exploration indicates other extremely large deposits that have not yet been exploited. Significant deposits of coal and oil are found in European Russia, and mining operations focus on these sites closer to the Russian industrial heartland, rather than the more distant resources in less-accessible Siberia. Some foreign observers have warned that Russian extraction methods, conducted by government-operated mining concerns, result in extreme waste due to obsolete methods; this view is increasingly shared by Russian technical experts, and represents a major challenge for the energy and mining sector.
Manufacturing
Since 1918, the Russian Federation government has placed considerable emphasis upon industrial modernization. Assistance from Russia's strategic allies, principally France, has resulted in the development of major industrial concerns. The majority of the Federation's industry resides in the traditional regions of European Russia as well as the Ukraine, although diversification efforts are underway to expand heavy industry beyond the Urals. This effort is exemplified by the creation of automobile and truck manufacturer UAZ in Ulyanovsk, which was partially funded by French truck manufacturer Berliet, and manufactures trucks for the Russian military and private use. Automobile manufacturer GAZ, in Nizhny Novgorod, holds a similar relationship with the American Ford corporation, and is poised to begin manufacture of American-designed Ford trucks under license. Civilian and military shipbuilding has also become a major industry. The well-developed steelmaking industry consistently produces over thirty million tons per year, while the developing aluminium industry manufactured three hundred thousand tons per year during 1944. Consumer or light industry has largely fallen to smaller, privately-owned companies founded either by foreign financiers (primarily French, Atlantean, or American) or by small-scale entrepreneurs who filled niche markets not otherwise occupied by the large government-operated conglomorates.
Finance
Since 1920, most large Russian companies float their securities on the Paris Bourse, retaining a very close working relationship with their French allies. Britain, a major investor in Russian industry before 1914, has taken a relatively minor role since the Great War due to Russia's 1917 default on major war debts, which seriously hurt international confidence in the Russian economic system. Russia thus depends on French investors in Paris as their primary sources of foreign capital, and over the last two decades has slowly started to rebuild the country's reliability in the eyes of foreign investors.
Infrastructure
Highways
The Russian road system is relatively undeveloped, as car ownership remains limited to the upper reaches of the middle class, and the government highly encourages cargo to be moved by rail or canal rather than by road. Slightly under a nine hundred thousand kilometers of road exist within the Russian Federation, with barely a quarter of that volume paved, and with nearly half of the total estimated to be of use only for industrial and agricultural traffic, rather than through-routes. Ambitious expansions or upgrades of existing roads have been proposed both by special-interest groups and the State Duma, but lack of funding has prevented major strides from being undertaken. Moscow and Petrograd have both undertaken to be more automobile-friendly cities, however, and in these regions, there are now twenty-three registered cars for every hundred people.
Railways
The Russian railway system is expansive and relatively advanced in its technological achievements, and boasts the longest continuous railway line in the world, the Maikal-Amur Mainline (Trans-Siberian Railway), which runs from Petrograd to Vladivostok. Electrification of this railway completed in 1943, allowing transport of goods from east to west within fifteen days. As part of this project, a number of EF-4 electric locomotives were ordered from the American General Electric manufacturer for delivery through 1945 and 1946, in order to replace older and less-reliable locomotives currently in service. An extension of the Trans-Siberian Railway to Magadan began in 1943, with construction planned for completion in 1955, at which time a further extension even further east, potentially as far as Petropavlovsk, shall be contemplated. These construction projects represent significant engineering endeavors on a national scale. Within European Russia, the railway network is dense and heavily-trafficked for both cargo and passenger use, although connections with Western Europe suffer due to a break-in-gauge at the Russian border.
Airports
Most internal Russian commercial traffic is managed by the state-owned airline Aeroflot, which serves as the Russian flag carrier. The average Russian does not generally travel by air. In 1943, Russian airlines logged slightly fewer air passengers than metropolitan France, despite a population nearly four times as large. However, this represents a ten percent increase over figures from 1940. Air travel between points within Russia is restricted by law to Russian-flagged airlines, although foreign airlines may fly into or out of Russian airports on international flights, so long as that airline's home country extends the same rights to Russian carriers. Although a majority of Russian airliners are manufactured indiginously, American and French aircraft also are used by Aeroflot, and the German Bv246 light airliner is under consideration for use on shorter internal routes.
Seaports
Despite an extremely long coastline, the Russian Federation has relatively few seaports that can remain in operation year round due to climate. Of these, the largest ports by traffic are Petrograd and Tallinn on the Baltic Sea (which require the operation of icebreakers), Vladivostok in the Russian Far East, Murmansk in the north, and the ports of Odessa, Sevastopol, Mykolaiv, Rostov-on-Don and Batumi in the Black Sea. Odessa and Petrograd represent the largest ports by traffic and volume in Russian territory.
Canals
The Russian Federation has developed an extensive network of canals, in conjunction with navigable natural waterways, permitting the transport of bulk cargoes by river freighter and barge across most of European Russia. Since 1920, the Russian Federation government has advanced several major construction projects to improve the canal system, constructing the White Sea Canal (connecting the Baltic Sea to the White Sea via Lake Ladoga), and the Volga-Don Canal, which links the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. The Mariinsk Canal (or Volga-Baltic Waterway), which is currently undergoing an expansion scheduled for completion in 1946, will allow ships to move from the Baltic to the Volga River, and thence to the Caspian or Black Seas. Once the Mariinsk expansion completes, the Russian canal system will permit river freighters to travel from the White Sea to the Caspian Sea without needing to venture into the open ocean. Other, smaller canals, such as the Volga-Moskva Canal, permit ship traffic to travel to other major Russian inland cities. (See Appendix E: Russian Waterway Limitations.)
Energy
Russia is self-sufficient in the production of fossil fuels, and one of the largest gas exporters in Europe, with the oilfields of Perm and Baku being among the best-developed. However, the Russian economy is particularly energy inefficient, requiring the use of three times as much coal or gas to produce an equivalent amount of gross domestic product as Germany or the United States, despite a greater emphasis on the use of draft animals in agriculture, and a significant investment in mass transit within the cities. This problem is blamed on corruption, incompetence and waste within state-organized and operated companies, and serves as one of the major public drivers of calls to privatize government-managed industry and infrastructure. Russian electricity-generation is particularly inefficient as the government's regulations effectively result in subsidization of electric producers and a fixation on greater power generation rather than more effectively utilizing existing energy.
Appendices
Appendix A: Chief Members of the Russian Government
- President of the Russian Federation: Mikhail Ivanovich Fyodorov
- Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation: Mikhail Eduardovich Sergetov
- Minister of State: Mikhail Nikolayev
- Minister of Finance: Lavrentiy Zaytsev
- Minister of National Defense: Pavel Leonidovich Alekseyev
- Minister of Transport: Sergey Konstantinov
- Minister of Agriculture: Alexsandr Kuznetsov
- Minister of Foreign Affairs: Andrey Maksimov
- Minister of Internal Affairs: Ivan Yakovlev
- Minister of Education: Vasiliy Novikov
- Minister of Health, Medicine, and Welfare: Nikolai Vorobyov
- Minister of Labour: Iosef Krupin
- Minister of Justice: Leonid Utkin
- Minister of Energy: Georgi Filipov
Appendix B: Political Parties of the Russian Federation
---- Socialist Revolutionary Party. The Socialist Revolutionary Party was formed and headed by Aleksandr Kerensky, and later by Viktor Chernov, who served as President of Russia between 1925 and 1942.
---- Constitutional Democrats Party: Between its 1922 founding and 1942, the Constitutional Democrats operated as the primary party of opposition within the Russian Federation.
---- Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (Bolsheviks): A Socialist and Communist leftist party, established and led by V.I. Lenin until his death in 1926 due to a stroke. The party has been in decline since then.
---- Russian Patriotic Union: Minor nationalist party of the right wing. The party draws certain elements from fascist movements elsewhere in Europe.
---- Monarchist Party: Minor party advocating for a return of the monarchy and a continuation of social conservative values. Its fortunes have risen in recent years with the election of two candidates to the Duma.
---- National Republican Front: Minor party of the center-right; it has consistently elected multiple candidates in every election since 1936.
---- Great Motherland Party: Minor nationalist party.
---- People's Party of Socialist Struggle: Minor leftist party that broke away from the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party.
---- Union of Patriotic Veterans: Minor nationalist party.
---- Social Conservative Party: Minor conservative party.
---- White Rodina: Minor semi-monarchist and conservative party.
---- Communist Party of Russia: Minor leftist party that broke away from the Socialist Revolutionary Party.
---- Russian Liberal Party: Economic liberal and cultural centrist party.
---- Russian Agrarian Union: Minor agrarian (land-reform) party, popular in the Ukraine and Caucasus regions.
---- Free Democratic Party: Minor centrist party.
---- Russian Marxist Party: Minor leftist party; lacks representation in the Duma.
---- Jewish Workers and Farmers Union: Minor leftist party; lacks representation in the Duma but can be a significant force in lower-level regional politics.
---- Party Party: Minor party organized by disaffected youths; lacks representation in the Duma.
Appendix C: Federation Republics of the Russian Federation
---- Russia
---- Ukraine
---- Uzbekistan
---- Kazakhistan
---- Byelorussia
---- Azerbaijan [1]
---- Georgia
---- Tajikistan
---- Moldavia
---- Kirghizstan
---- Turkmenistan
---- Estonia
Note [1]: Specifically, the part of Azerbaijan that is not part of the independent state of Azerbaijan.
Appendix D: Autonomous Republics of the Federation Republic of Russia
---- Bashkir Autonomous Region
---- Buryat Autonomous Region
---- Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region
---- Chuvash Autonomous Region
---- Dagestan Autonomous Region
---- Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Region
---- Kalmyk Autonomous Region
---- Karelian Autonomous Region
---- Komi Autonomous Region
---- Mari Autonomous Region
---- Mordovian Autonomous Region
---- North Ossetia Autonomous Region
---- Tatarstan Autonomous Region
---- Tuvan Autonomous Region
---- Udmurt Autonomous Region
---- Volga German Autonomous Region
---- Yakut Autonomous Region
Appendix E: Russian Waterway Limitations
---- Volga-Don Max: 140 m (460 ft) long, 16.6 m (54 ft) wide and 4 m (13 ft) deep
---- White Sea Canal Max: 160 m (525 ft) long, 18 m (59 ft) wide and 6.5 m (21.3 ft) deep
---- Old Baltic-Volga (Mariinsk) Max: 115 m (377 ft) long, 15 m (49 ft) wide, 3.4 m (11 ft) deep
---- New Baltic-Volga (Mariinsk) Max: 210 m (ft) long, 17.6 m (ft) wide, 4.2 m (ft) deep
---- Volga-Moskva Canal Max: 107 m (351 ft) long, 14 m (46 ft) wide, 3.4 m (11 ft) deep
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