WesWorld

Italian Destroyers

1907, Soldati Artigliere Class

Ships in class; Artigliere, Bersagliere, Corazziere, Granatiere, Lanciere



Soldati Artigliere Class, Italian Destroyer laid down 1907

[SIZE=3]Withdrawn from service and scrapped Q4/1925[/SIZE]

Displacement:
695 t light; 716 t standard; 831 t normal; 920 t full load

Dimensions:
79.00 m x 7.90 m x 3.30 m

Armament:
3 - 3" / 40 guns in 3 single mounts
2 - 13.7 mm machine guns
Weight of broadside 41 lbs / 18 kg
2 - 450 mm above water torpedoes in single mounts

Machinery:
Coal fired boilers, steam turbines,
Direct drive, 1 shaft, 19,475 shp = 30.00 kts
Range 4,000nm at 10.00 kts

Complement:
77 - 100

Cost:
£0.094 million / $0.376 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 5 tons, 0.6 %
Machinery: 467 tons, 56.1 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 204 tons, 24.5 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 136 tons, 16.3 %
Miscellaneous weights: 20 tons, 2.4 %

Metacentric height 1.1

Remarks:
Caution: Hull subject to strain in open-sea
Hull space for machinery, storage & compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation & workspaces is adequate

Estimated overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Relative margin of stability: 1.37
Shellfire needed to sink: 194 lbs / 88 Kg = 14.3 x 3.0 " / 76 mm shells
(Approx weight of penetrating shell hits needed to sink ship excluding critical hits)
Torpedoes needed to sink: 0.2
(Approx number of typical torpedo hits needed to sink ship)
Relative steadiness as gun platform: 68 %
(Average = 50 %)
Relative rocking effect from firing to beam: 0.08
Relative quality as seaboat: 1.02

Hull form characteristics:
Block coefficient: 0.400
Sharpness coefficient: 0.30
Hull speed coefficient 'M': 8.42
'Natural speed' for length: 16.10 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 69 %
Trim: 67
(Maximise stabilty/flotation = 0, Maximise steadiness/seakeeping = 100)

Estimated hull characteristics & strength:
Underwater volume absorbed by magazines and engineering spaces: 188.5 %
Relative accommodation and working space: 90.2 %
(Average = 100%)
Displacement factor: 41 %
(Displacement relative to loading factors)
Relative cross-sectional hull strength: 0.51
(Structure weight / hull surface area: 27 lbs / square foot or 129 Kg / square metre)
Relative longitudinal hull strength: 1.55
(for 11.81 ft / 3.60 m average freeboard, freeboard adjustment 2.60 ft)
Relative composite hull strength: 0.57

1909, Soldati Alpino Class

Ships in class; Alpino, Fuciliere, Pontiere, Ascaro



Soldati Alpino Class, Italian Destroyer laid down 1909

[SIZE=3]Withdrawn from service and scrapped Q4/1925[/SIZE]

Displacement:
695 t light; 715 t standard; 831 t normal; 921 t full load
Loading submergence 104 tons/feet

Dimensions:
259.19 ft x 25.92 ft x 10.83 ft (normal load)
79.00 m x 7.90 m x 3.30 m

Armament:
2 - 3" / 40 guns in 2 single mounts
2 - 57mm / 40 guns in 1 duple mount
2 - 13.7 mm machine guns
Weight of broadside 38 lbs / 17 kg
2 - 450 mm above water torpedoes in 2 single mounts


Machinery:
Coal fired boilers, steam turbines,
Direct drive, 1 shaft, 19,475 shp / 14,528 Kw = 30.00 kts
Range 4,000nm at 10.00 kts

Complement:
77 - 100

Cost:
£0.094 million / $0.375 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 5 tons, 0.6 %
Machinery: 467 tons, 56.2 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 203 tons, 24.5 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 136 tons, 16.3 %
Miscellaneous weights: 20 tons, 2.4 %

Metacentric height 1.1

Remarks:
Caution: Hull subject to strain in open-sea
Hull space for machinery, storage & compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation & workspaces is adequate

Estimated overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Relative margin of stability: 1.37
Shellfire needed to sink: 194 lbs / 88 Kg = 14.4 x 3.0 " / 76 mm shells
(Approx weight of penetrating shell hits needed to sink ship excluding critical hits)
Torpedoes needed to sink: 0.2
(Approx number of typical torpedo hits needed to sink ship)
Relative steadiness as gun platform: 68 %
(Average = 50 %)
Relative rocking effect from firing to beam: 0.07
Relative quality as seaboat: 1.02

Hull form characteristics:
Block coefficient: 0.400
Sharpness coefficient: 0.30
Hull speed coefficient 'M': 8.42
'Natural speed' for length: 16.10 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 69 %
Trim: 67
(Maximise stabilty/flotation = 0, Maximise steadiness/seakeeping = 100)

Estimated hull characteristics & strength:
Underwater volume absorbed by magazines and engineering spaces: 188.4 %
Relative accommodation and working space: 90.2 %
(Average = 100%)
Displacement factor: 41 %
(Displacement relative to loading factors)
Relative cross-sectional hull strength: 0.51
(Structure weight / hull surface area: 26 lbs / square foot or 129 Kg / square metre)
Relative longitudinal hull strength: 1.55
(for 11.81 ft / 3.60 m average freeboard, freeboard adjustment 2.60 ft)
Relative composite hull strength: 0.57

1912, Ardito Class

Ships in class; Ardito, Ardente

[SIZE=3]Withdrawn from service and scrapped Q4/1926[/SIZE]



Ardito Class, Italian Destroyer laid down 1912

Displacement:
869 t light; 898 t standard; 977 t normal; 1,036 t full load
Loading submergence 120 tons/feet

Dimensions:
278.87 ft x 27.89 ft x 10.99 ft (normal load)
85.00 m x 8.50 m x 3.35 m

Armament:
4 - 100mm / 40 guns in 4 single mounts
2 - 13.7 mm machine guns
Weight of broadside 122 lbs / 55 kg
4 - 450 mm above water torpedoes in 2 single and 1 duple mount


Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Direct drive, 2 shafts, 28,000 shp / 20,888 Kw = 32.19 kts
Range 4,000nm at 10.00 kts

Complement:
87 - 113

Cost:
£0.120 million / $0.479 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 15 tons, 1.6 %
Machinery: 546 tons, 55.9 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 287 tons, 29.4 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 108 tons, 11.1 %
Miscellaneous weights: 20 tons, 2.0 %

Metacentric height 1.1

Remarks:
Caution: Hull subject to strain in open-sea
Hull space for machinery, storage & compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation & workspaces is cramped

Estimated overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Relative margin of stability: 1.22
Shellfire needed to sink: 225 lbs / 102 Kg = 7.4 x 3.9 " / 100 mm shells
(Approx weight of penetrating shell hits needed to sink ship excluding critical hits)
Torpedoes needed to sink: 0.2
(Approx number of typical torpedo hits needed to sink ship)
Relative steadiness as gun platform: 67 %
(Average = 50 %)
Relative rocking effect from firing to beam: 0.23
Relative quality as seaboat: 1.04

Hull form characteristics:
Block coefficient: 0.400
Sharpness coefficient: 0.30
Hull speed coefficient 'M': 8.59
'Natural speed' for length: 16.70 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 70 %
Trim: 65
(Maximise stabilty/flotation = 0, Maximise steadiness/seakeeping = 100)

Estimated hull characteristics & strength:
Underwater volume absorbed by magazines and engineering spaces: 194.5 %
Relative accommodation and working space: 85.7 %
(Average = 100%)
Displacement factor: 41 %
(Displacement relative to loading factors)
Relative cross-sectional hull strength: 0.51
(Structure weight / hull surface area: 32 lbs / square foot or 155 Kg / square metre)
Relative longitudinal hull strength: 1.86
(for 13.78 ft / 4.20 m average freeboard, freeboard adjustment 4.27 ft)
Relative composite hull strength: 0.58

1913, Audace Class

Ships in class; Animoso(94), Laid down 1913



Audace Class, Italian Destroyer laid down 1913

Displacement:
812 t light; 837 t standard; 909 t normal; 963 t full load
Loading submergence 112 tons/feet

Dimensions:
269.03 ft x 26.90 ft x 10.99 ft (normal load)
82.00 m x 8.20 m x 3.35 m

Armament:
6 - 3" / 40 guns in single mounts
2 - 13.7 mm machine guns
Weight of broadside 81 lbs / 37 kg
6 - 450mm above water torpedoes in 2 triple mounts

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Direct drive, 2 shafts, 28,000 shp / 20,888 Kw = 32.36 kts
Range 4,000nm at 10.00 kts

Complement:
82 - 107

Cost:
£0.119 million / $0.475 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 10 tons, 1.1 %
Machinery: 514 tons, 56.6 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 267 tons, 29.4 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 97 tons, 10.7 %
Miscellaneous weights: 20 tons, 2.2 %

Metacentric height 1.0

Remarks:
Caution: Hull subject to strain in open-sea
Hull space for machinery, storage & compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation & workspaces is cramped

Estimated overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Relative margin of stability: 1.19
Shellfire needed to sink: 212 lbs / 96 Kg = 15.7 x 3.0 " / 76 mm shells
(Approx weight of penetrating shell hits needed to sink ship excluding critical hits)
Torpedoes needed to sink: 0.2
(Approx number of typical torpedo hits needed to sink ship)
Relative steadiness as gun platform: 67 %
(Average = 50 %)
Relative rocking effect from firing to beam: 0.18
Relative quality as seaboat: 1.03

Hull form characteristics:
Block coefficient: 0.400
Sharpness coefficient: 0.30
Hull speed coefficient 'M': 8.49
'Natural speed' for length: 16.40 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 71 %
Trim: 65
(Maximise stabilty/flotation = 0, Maximise steadiness/seakeeping = 100)

Estimated hull characteristics & strength:
Underwater volume absorbed by magazines and engineering spaces: 193.4 %
Relative accommodation and working space: 72.8 %
(Average = 100%)
Displacement factor: 40 %
(Displacement relative to loading factors)
Relative cross-sectional hull strength: 0.52
(Structure weight / hull surface area: 31 lbs / square foot or 152 Kg / square metre)
Relative longitudinal hull strength: 2.03
(for 13.78 ft / 4.20 m average freeboard, freeboard adjustment 4.41 ft)
Relative composite hull strength: 0.59

1915, Pilo Class

Ships in class; Rosolino Pilo, Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Antonio Mosto, Ippolito Nievo, Francesco Nullo, Simone Schiaffino, Audace

Note; 4 ships sold to Siam 1932/33, remaining ships scrapped 1932




Pilo Class, Italian Destroyer laid down 1915

Displacement:
638 t light; 667 t standard; 774 t normal; 860 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
242.78 ft / 239.50 ft x 23.95 ft x 11.81 ft (normal load)
74.00 m / 73.00 m x 7.30 m x 3.60 m

Armament:
4 - 3.00" / 76.2 mm guns in single mounts, 12.00lbs / 5.44kg shells, 1915 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mounts
on centreline ends, evenly spread
2 - 3.00" / 76.2 mm guns in single mounts, 12.00lbs / 5.44kg shells, 1915 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on centreline, all amidships
2 - 0.54" / 13.7 mm guns in single mounts, 0.08lbs / 0.04kg shells, 1915 Model
Machine guns in deck mounts
on side, all forward
Weight of broadside 72 lbs / 33 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 300
4 - 17.7" / 450 mm above water torpedoes

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Direct drive, 2 shafts, 16,115 shp / 12,022 Kw = 30.00 kts
Range 3,000nm at 15.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 194 tons

Complement:
73 - 95

Cost:
£0.124 million / $0.496 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 10 tons, 1.3 %
Machinery: 388 tons, 50.2 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 219 tons, 28.3 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 136 tons, 17.6 %
Miscellaneous weights: 20 tons, 2.6 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
214 lbs / 97 Kg = 15.8 x 3.0 " / 76 mm shells or 0.2 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.20
Metacentric height 0.8 ft / 0.3 m
Roll period: 11.1 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 71 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.19
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.09

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 10.00 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 17.90 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 70 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 65
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 3.28 ft / 1.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 18.04 ft / 5.50 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 18.04 ft / 5.50 m
- Mid (30 %): 18.04 ft / 5.50 m (9.84 ft / 3.00 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 9.84 ft / 3.00 m
- Stern: 9.84 ft / 3.00 m
- Average freeboard: 12.30 ft / 3.75 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 175.7 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 69.9 %
Waterplane Area: 3,664 Square feet or 340 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 59 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 25 lbs/sq ft or 121 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.50
- Longitudinal: 3.97
- Overall: 0.62
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform

1917, Sirtori Class

Ships in class; Giuseppe Sirtori, Giovanni Acerbi, Vincenzo Giordano Orsini, Francesco Stucco

All ships scrapped 1933



Sirtori Class, Italian Destroyer laid down 1917

Displacement:
685 t light; 733 t standard; 839 t normal; 923 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
242.78 ft / 239.50 ft x 23.95 ft x 12.80 ft (normal load)
74.00 m / 73.00 m x 7.30 m x 3.90 m

Armament:
6 - 3.94" / 100 mm guns in single mounts, 30.42lbs / 13.80kg shells, 1917 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mounts
on centreline ends, evenly spread
2 - 1.57" / 40.0 mm guns in single mounts, 2.00lbs / 0.91kg shells, 1917 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on centreline, all amidships
2 - 0.54" / 13.7 mm guns in single mounts, 0.08lbs / 0.04kg shells, 1917 Model
Machine guns in deck mounts
on side, all forward
Weight of broadside 187 lbs / 85 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 300
4 - 17.7" / 450 mm above water torpedoes

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Direct drive, 2 shafts, 17,007 shp / 12,687 Kw = 30.00 kts
Range 3,000nm at 15.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 190 tons

Complement:
77 - 101

Cost:
£0.180 million / $0.719 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 23 tons, 2.8 %
Machinery: 394 tons, 47.0 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 247 tons, 29.5 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 154 tons, 18.3 %
Miscellaneous weights: 20 tons, 2.4 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
225 lbs / 102 Kg = 7.4 x 3.9 " / 100 mm shells or 0.2 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.21
Metacentric height 0.8 ft / 0.3 m
Roll period: 11.1 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 70 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.51
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.15

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 10.00 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 17.90 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 70 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 61
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 3.28 ft / 1.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 18.04 ft / 5.50 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 18.04 ft / 5.50 m
- Mid (35 %): 18.04 ft / 5.50 m (9.84 ft / 3.00 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 9.84 ft / 3.00 m
- Stern: 9.84 ft / 3.00 m
- Average freeboard: 12.71 ft / 3.88 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 177.7 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 70.0 %
Waterplane Area: 3,664 Square feet or 340 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 58 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 27 lbs/sq ft or 130 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.50
- Longitudinal: 4.77
- Overall: 0.63
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform

1917, La Masa Class

Ships in class; Giuseppe La Masa, Angelo Bassini, Agostino Bertani, Giacinto Carini, Nicola Fabrizi, Giuseppe La Farina, Giacomo Medici

All ships scrapped 1933



La Masa Class, Italian Destroyer laid down 1917

Displacement:
691 t light; 733 t standard; 839 t normal; 923 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
242.78 ft / 239.50 ft x 23.95 ft x 12.80 ft (normal load)
74.00 m / 73.00 m x 7.30 m x 3.90 m

Armament:
4 - 3.94" / 100 mm guns in single mounts, 30.42lbs / 13.80kg shells, 1917 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mount
on centreline ends, evenly spread
2 - 3.00" / 76.2 mm guns in single mounts, 12.00lbs / 5.44kg shells, 1917 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on centreline, all amidships
2 - 0.54" / 13.7 mm guns in single mounts, 0.08lbs / 0.04kg shells, 1917 Model
Machine guns in deck mounts
on side, all forward
Weight of broadside 146 lbs / 66 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 300
4 - 17.7" / 450 mm above water torpedoes

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Direct drive, 2 shafts, 17,007 shp / 12,687 Kw = 30.00 kts
Range 3,000nm at 15.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 190 tons

Complement:
77 - 101

Cost:
£0.175 million / $0.700 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 19 tons, 2.2 %
Machinery: 403 tons, 48.1 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 249 tons, 29.7 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 148 tons, 17.6 %
Miscellaneous weights: 20 tons, 2.4 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
229 lbs / 104 Kg = 7.5 x 3.9 " / 100 mm shells or 0.2 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.15
Metacentric height 0.8 ft / 0.2 m
Roll period: 11.5 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 80 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.47
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.21

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 10.00 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 17.90 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 70 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 66
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 3.28 ft / 1.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 18.04 ft / 5.50 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 18.04 ft / 5.50 m
- Mid (39 %): 18.04 ft / 5.50 m (9.84 ft / 3.00 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 9.84 ft / 3.00 m
- Stern: 9.84 ft / 3.00 m
- Average freeboard: 13.04 ft / 3.98 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 176.5 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 73.0 %
Waterplane Area: 3,664 Square feet or 340 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 59 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 26 lbs/sq ft or 127 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.50
- Longitudinal: 5.11
- Overall: 0.63
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

1919, Palestro Class

Ships in class; Palestro, Confienza, San Martino, Solferino

Refitted as coastal escorts 1935




Palestro Class, Italian Destroyer laid down 1919

Displacement:
902 t light; 940 t standard; 1,033 t normal; 1,108 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
268.93 ft / 262.47 ft x 26.25 ft x 13.12 ft (normal load)
81.97 m / 80.00 m x 8.00 m x 4.00 m

Armament:
4 - 3.94" / 100 mm guns (2x2 guns), 30.42lbs / 13.80kg shells, 1919 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mounts
on centreline ends, evenly spread
2 - 3.00" / 76.2 mm guns (1x2 guns), 12.00lbs / 5.44kg shells, 1919 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mount
on centreline amidships, all raised guns - superfiring
2 - 0.54" / 13.7 mm guns in single mounts, 0.08lbs / 0.04kg shells, 1919 Model
Machine guns in deck mounts
on side, all forward
Weight of broadside 146 lbs / 66 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 200
4 - 17.7" / 450 mm above water torpedoes

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Direct drive, 2 shafts, 24,190 shp / 18,046 Kw = 32.00 kts
Range 2,500nm at 15.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 168 tons

Complement:
90 - 118

Cost:
£0.266 million / $1.063 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 19 tons, 1.8 %
Machinery: 533 tons, 51.6 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 331 tons, 32.0 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 131 tons, 12.7 %
Miscellaneous weights: 20 tons, 1.9 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
286 lbs / 130 Kg = 9.4 x 3.9 " / 100 mm shells or 0.2 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.14
Metacentric height 0.9 ft / 0.3 m
Roll period: 11.9 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 76 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.38
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.09

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 10.00 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 18.74 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 71 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 70
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 10.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 3.28 ft / 1.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 18.04 ft / 5.50 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 18.04 ft / 5.50 m
- Mid (50 %): 18.04 ft / 5.50 m (9.84 ft / 3.00 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 9.84 ft / 3.00 m
- Stern: 9.84 ft / 3.00 m
- Average freeboard: 13.94 ft / 4.25 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 182.8 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 90.8 %
Waterplane Area: 4,401 Square feet or 409 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 55 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 30 lbs/sq ft or 147 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.52
- Longitudinal: 4.92
- Overall: 0.65
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is adequate
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform

Palestro Class, Italian Destroyer laid down 1919, refitted 1935

Displacement:
906 t light; 940 t standard; 1,033 t normal; 1,108 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
268.93 ft / 262.47 ft x 26.25 ft x 13.12 ft (normal load)
81.97 m / 80.00 m x 8.00 m x 4.00 m

Armament:
2 - 3.94" / 100 mm guns (1x2 guns), 30.42lbs / 13.80kg shells, 1919 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mount
on centreline forward
8 - 1.85" / 47.0 mm guns (2x4 guns), 3.86lbs / 1.75kg shells, 1935 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on centreline, all aft, 1 raised mount - superfiring
12 - 0.98" / 25.0 mm guns in single mounts, 0.55lbs / 0.25kg shells, 1919 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side, evenly spread
Weight of broadside 98 lbs / 45 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 200

Armour:
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
2nd: 0.39" / 10 mm 0.39" / 10 mm -

- Conning tower: 1.42" / 36 mm

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 24,190 shp / 18,046 Kw = 32.00 kts
Range 2,500nm at 15.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 168 tons

Complement:
90 - 118

Cost:
£0.256 million / $1.024 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 12 tons, 1.1 %
Armour: 5 tons, 0.5 %
- Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 2 tons, 0.2 %
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Conning Tower: 3 tons, 0.3 %
Machinery: 542 tons, 52.5 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 317 tons, 30.7 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 127 tons, 12.3 %
Miscellaneous weights: 30 tons, 2.9 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
284 lbs / 129 Kg = 9.3 x 3.9 " / 100 mm shells or 0.2 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.17
Metacentric height 0.9 ft / 0.3 m
Roll period: 11.6 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 70 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.24
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.08

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 10.00 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 18.74 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 71 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 65
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 10.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 3.28 ft / 1.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 18.04 ft / 5.50 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 18.04 ft / 5.50 m
- Mid (50 %): 18.04 ft / 5.50 m (9.84 ft / 3.00 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 9.84 ft / 3.00 m
- Stern: 9.84 ft / 3.00 m
- Average freeboard: 13.94 ft / 4.25 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 181.7 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 126.9 %
Waterplane Area: 4,401 Square feet or 409 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 56 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 29 lbs/sq ft or 140 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.51
- Longitudinal: 4.63
- Overall: 0.63
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform

10tons = D3 sonar
20tons = depth charges

1921, Varese Class

Ships in class; Varese, Vircelli



Varese, Italian Light Cruiser laid down 1921

Displacement:
1,940 t light; 2,019 t standard; 2,234 t normal; 2,397 t full load
Loading submergence 244 tons/feet

Dimensions:
393.70 ft x 39.37 ft x 12.30 ft (normal load)
120.00 m x 12.00 m x 3.75 m

Armament:
6 - 130mm / 50 guns in 3 duple turrets, Q turret superfiring
6 - 20 mm AA guns
Weight of broadside 404 lbs / 183 kg
6 - 21" above water torpedoes in 2 triple mounts


Armour:
Main turrets 0.79" / 20 mm, AA gun shields 0.79" / 20 mm
Conning tower 2.76" / 70 mm

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 42,000 shp / 31,332 Kw = 32.74 kts
Range 9,000nm at 10.00 kts

Complement:
162 - 211

Cost:
£0.692 million / $2.767 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 50 tons, 2.3 %
Armour: 47 tons, 2.1 %
Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %, Armament: 37 tons, 1.6 %, Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
Conning Tower: 10 tons, 0.5 %, Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
Machinery: 1,153 tons, 51.6 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 670 tons, 30.0 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 294 tons, 13.1 %
Miscellaneous weights: 20 tons, 0.9 %

Metacentric height 1.9

Remarks:
Caution: Hull subject to strain in open-sea
Hull space for machinery, storage & compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation & workspaces is adequate
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform

Estimated overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Relative margin of stability: 1.25
Shellfire needed to sink: 563 lbs / 256 Kg = 8.4 x 5.1 " / 130 mm shells
(Approx weight of penetrating shell hits needed to sink ship excluding critical hits)
Torpedoes needed to sink: 0.3
(Approx number of typical torpedo hits needed to sink ship)
Relative steadiness as gun platform: 71 %
(Average = 50 %)
Relative rocking effect from firing to beam: 0.47
Relative quality as seaboat: 1.08

Hull form characteristics:
Block coefficient: 0.410
Sharpness coefficient: 0.30
Hull speed coefficient 'M': 9.21
'Natural speed' for length: 19.84 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 63 %
Trim: 66
(Maximise stabilty/flotation = 0, Maximise steadiness/seakeeping = 100)

Estimated hull characteristics & strength:
Underwater volume absorbed by magazines and engineering spaces: 184.8 %
Relative accommodation and working space: 115.8 %
(Average = 100%)
Displacement factor: 66 %
(Displacement relative to loading factors)
Relative cross-sectional hull strength: 0.52
(Structure weight / hull surface area: 42 lbs / square foot or 206 Kg / square metre)
Relative longitudinal hull strength: 1.12
(for 15.75 ft / 4.80 m average freeboard, freeboard adjustment 4.53 ft)
Relative composite hull strength: 0.57

1922, Generale Antonio Cantore Class

Ships in class; Generale Antonio Cantore, Generale Antonino Cascino, Generale Antonio Chinotto, Generale Marcello Prestinari, Generale Achille Papa, Generale Carlo Montanari

Sold to The Philipines 1940



Generale Antonio Cantore , Italian Destroyer laid down 1922

Displacement:
1,524 t light; 1,579 t standard; 1,678 t normal; 1,751 t full load
Loading submergence 198 tons/feet

Dimensions:
357.61 ft x 35.76 ft x 11.48 ft (normal load)
109.00 m x 10.90 m x 3.50 m

Armament:
8 – 100mm / 50 guns in 2 quadruple turrets
1 - 3" / 45 gun in a single mount amidships
4 - 20 mm AA cannons
Weight of broadside 259 lbs / 117 kg
4 - 21" above water torpedoes in 1 quadruple mount

Armour:
Main turrets 0.79" / 20 mm
Conning tower 2.76" / 70 mm

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 41,000 shp / 30,586 Kw = 33.61 kts
Range 5,000nm at 10.00 kts

Complement:
131 - 170

Cost:
£0.574 million / $2.295 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 32 tons, 1.9 %
Armour: 29 tons, 1.7 %
Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %, Armament: 21 tons, 1.2 %, Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
Conning Tower: 8 tons, 0.5 %, Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
Machinery: 927 tons, 55.2 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 515 tons, 30.7 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 154 tons, 9.2 %
Miscellaneous weights: 20 tons, 1.2 %

Metacentric height 1.8

Remarks:
Caution: Hull subject to strain in open-sea
Hull space for machinery, storage & compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation & workspaces is adequate

Estimated overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Relative margin of stability: 1.36
Shellfire needed to sink: 406 lbs / 184 Kg = 13.3 x 3.9 " / 100 mm shells
(Approx weight of penetrating shell hits needed to sink ship excluding critical hits)
Torpedoes needed to sink: 0.3
(Approx number of typical torpedo hits needed to sink ship)
Relative steadiness as gun platform: 54 %
(Average = 50 %)
Relative rocking effect from firing to beam: 0.35
Relative quality as seaboat: 1.00

Hull form characteristics:
Block coefficient: 0.400
Sharpness coefficient: 0.30
Hull speed coefficient 'M': 9.20
'Natural speed' for length: 18.91 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 67 %
Trim: 54
(Maximise stabilty/flotation = 0, Maximise steadiness/seakeeping = 100)

Estimated hull characteristics & strength:
Underwater volume absorbed by magazines and engineering spaces: 194.2 %
Relative accommodation and working space: 119.2 %
(Average = 100%)
Displacement factor: 54 %
(Displacement relative to loading factors)
Relative cross-sectional hull strength: 0.51
(Structure weight / hull surface area: 39 lbs / square foot or 189 Kg / square metre)
Relative longitudinal hull strength: 1.28
(for 15.09 ft / 4.60 m average freeboard, freeboard adjustment 4.49 ft)
Relative composite hull strength: 0.56

Navigatori, 1925

Ships in class; Alvise da Mosto, Antonio da Noli, Antoniotto Usodimare, Emanuele Pessagno, Leone Pancaldo, Giovanni da Verazzano, Luca Tarigo, Nicoloso da Recco, Ugolino Vivaldi, Nicolo Zeno






Navigatori, Italian Esploratori laid down 1925

Displacement:
1,751 t light; 1,826 t standard; 1,978 t normal; 2,099 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
331.79 ft / 328.08 ft x 32.81 ft x 16.08 ft (normal load)
101.13 m / 100.00 m x 10.00 m x 4.90 m

Armament:
6 - 130mm/50 guns (3x2 guns), 70.55lbs / 32.00kg shells, 1925 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
on centreline, evenly spread, 2 raised mounts
Aft Main mounts separated by engine room
2 - 37mm/54 guns (1x2 guns), 1.55lbs / 0.70kg shells, 1925 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mount
on centreline aft
6 - 0.54" / 13.7 mm guns in single mounts, 0.08lbs / 0.04kg shells, 1925 Model
Machine guns in deck mounts
on side, evenly spread
Weight of broadside 427 lbs / 194 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 150
6 - 21.0" / 533 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 0.79" / 20 mm 0.79" / 20 mm -

- Conning tower: 2.76" / 70 mm

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 44,400 shp / 33,122 Kw = 34.50 kts
Range 3,000nm at 15.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 272 tons

Complement:
147 - 192

Cost:
£0.822 million / $3.286 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 51 tons, 2.6 %
Armour: 26 tons, 1.3 %
- Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 17 tons, 0.8 %
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Conning Tower: 9 tons, 0.5 %
Machinery: 1,051 tons, 53.1 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 603 tons, 30.5 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 227 tons, 11.5 %
Miscellaneous weights: 20 tons, 1.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
393 lbs / 178 Kg = 5.9 x 5.1 " / 130 mm shells or 0.3 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.08
Metacentric height 1.1 ft / 0.3 m
Roll period: 13.2 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 54 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.94
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 0.82

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 10.00 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 20.95 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 70 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 66
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 10.00 degrees
Stern overhang: -6.56 ft / -2.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 21.00 ft / 6.40 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 20.34 ft / 6.20 m
- Mid (40 %): 20.34 ft / 6.20 m (10.83 ft / 3.30 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 10.83 ft / 3.30 m
- Stern: 10.83 ft / 3.30 m
- Average freeboard: 14.69 ft / 4.48 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 192.2 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 75.5 %
Waterplane Area: 6,876 Square feet or 639 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 59 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 41 lbs/sq ft or 199 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.50
- Longitudinal: 2.67
- Overall: 0.60
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Poor seaboat, wet and uncomfortable, reduced performance in heavy weather

Turbine, 1926

Ships in Class; Turbine, Aquilone, Borea, Espero, Euro, Nembo, Ostro e Zeffiro



- 4x130mm/45 guns in same mounts as Navigatori

- 4x37mm/54 guns to give some AA and anti-surface punch.

Turbine, Italian Destroyer laid down 1926

Displacement:
1,541 t light; 1,626 t standard; 1,764 t normal; 1,874 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
342.29 ft / 334.65 ft x 33.46 ft x 13.78 ft (normal load)
104.33 m / 102.00 m x 10.20 m x 4.20 m

Armament:
4 - 5.12" / 130 mm guns (2x2 guns), 70.55lbs / 32.00kg shells, 1926 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
on centreline ends, evenly spread, 1 raised mount
4 - 1.46" / 37.0 mm guns (1x4 guns), 2.20lbs / 1.00kg shells, 1926 Model
Quick firing guns in deck mount
on centreline amidships, all raised guns - superfiring
6 - 0.54" / 13.7 mm guns in single mounts, 0.08lbs / 0.04kg shells, 1926 Model
Machine guns in deck mounts
on side, evenly spread
Weight of broadside 291 lbs / 132 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 300
6 - 21.0" / 533 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 0.79" / 20 mm 0.79" / 20 mm -

- Conning tower: 2.76" / 70 mm

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 40,000 shp / 29,840 Kw = 34.37 kts
Range 3,000nm at 15.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 248 tons

Complement:
135 - 176

Cost:
£0.737 million / $2.949 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 34 tons, 1.9 %
Armour: 20 tons, 1.1 %
- Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 11 tons, 0.6 %
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Conning Tower: 9 tons, 0.5 %
Machinery: 933 tons, 52.9 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 533 tons, 30.2 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 223 tons, 12.6 %
Miscellaneous weights: 20 tons, 1.1 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
405 lbs / 184 Kg = 6.0 x 5.1 " / 130 mm shells or 0.3 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.22
Metacentric height 1.4 ft / 0.4 m
Roll period: 11.9 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 53 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.52
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 0.84

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 10.00 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 21.16 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 69 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 63
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 20.00 degrees
Stern overhang: -6.56 ft / -2.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 21.00 ft / 6.40 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 20.34 ft / 6.20 m
- Mid (40 %): 20.34 ft / 6.20 m (10.50 ft / 3.20 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 10.50 ft / 3.20 m
- Stern: 10.50 ft / 3.20 m
- Average freeboard: 14.49 ft / 4.42 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 188.5 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 86.2 %
Waterplane Area: 7,154 Square feet or 665 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 61 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 37 lbs/sq ft or 182 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.50
- Longitudinal: 2.17
- Overall: 0.57
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Poor seaboat, wet and uncomfortable, reduced performance in heavy weather

1927, Dardo Class

Ships in class; Dardo, Freccia, Saetta e Strale





- Added abovedeck space for accomodation

- More modern bridge and FC systems

- New bow shape

Dardo, Italian Destroyer laid down 1927

Displacement:
1,541 t light; 1,626 t standard; 1,764 t normal; 1,874 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
342.29 ft / 334.65 ft x 33.46 ft x 13.78 ft (normal load)
104.33 m / 102.00 m x 10.20 m x 4.20 m

Armament:
4 - 5.12" / 130 mm guns (2x2 guns), 70.55lbs / 32.00kg shells, 1926 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
on centreline ends, evenly spread, 1 raised mount
4 - 1.46" / 37.0 mm guns (1x4 guns), 2.20lbs / 1.00kg shells, 1926 Model
Quick firing guns in deck mount
on centreline amidships, all raised guns - superfiring
6 - 0.54" / 13.7 mm guns in single mounts, 0.08lbs / 0.04kg shells, 1926 Model
Machine guns in deck mounts
on side, evenly spread
Weight of broadside 291 lbs / 132 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 300
6 - 21.0" / 533 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 0.79" / 20 mm 0.79" / 20 mm -

- Conning tower: 2.76" / 70 mm

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 40,000 shp / 29,840 Kw = 34.37 kts
Range 3,000nm at 15.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 248 tons

Complement:
135 - 176

Cost:
£0.737 million / $2.949 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 34 tons, 1.9 %
Armour: 20 tons, 1.1 %
- Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 11 tons, 0.6 %
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Conning Tower: 9 tons, 0.5 %
Machinery: 933 tons, 52.9 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 533 tons, 30.2 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 223 tons, 12.6 %
Miscellaneous weights: 20 tons, 1.1 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
405 lbs / 184 Kg = 6.0 x 5.1 " / 130 mm shells or 0.3 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.22
Metacentric height 1.4 ft / 0.4 m
Roll period: 11.9 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 53 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.52
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 0.84

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 10.00 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 21.16 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 69 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 63
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 20.00 degrees
Stern overhang: -6.56 ft / -2.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 21.00 ft / 6.40 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 20.34 ft / 6.20 m
- Mid (40 %): 20.34 ft / 6.20 m (10.50 ft / 3.20 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 10.50 ft / 3.20 m
- Stern: 10.50 ft / 3.20 m
- Average freeboard: 14.49 ft / 4.42 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 188.5 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 86.2 %
Waterplane Area: 7,154 Square feet or 665 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 61 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 37 lbs/sq ft or 182 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.50
- Longitudinal: 2.17
- Overall: 0.57
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Poor seaboat, wet and uncomfortable, reduced performance in heavy weather

1928, Baleno Class

Ships in class;

Baleno, Laid down 1928



Maestrale, Italian Destroyer laid down 1928

Displacement:
1,500 t light; 1,592 t standard; 1,810 t normal; 1,984 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
388.94 ft / 377.30 ft x 32.81 ft x 12.80 ft (normal load)
118.55 m / 115.00 m x 10.00 m x 3.90 m

Armament:
4 - 5.12" / 130 mm guns (2x2 guns), 79.37lbs / 36.00kg shells, 1928 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mounts
on centreline ends, evenly spread, 1 raised mount
3 - 1.85" / 47.0 mm guns (1x3 guns), 3.86lbs / 1.75kg shells, 1928 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mount
on centreline amidships, all raised guns - superfiring
6 - 0.79" / 20.0 mm guns in single mounts, 0.24lbs / 0.11kg shells, 1928 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side, evenly spread
Weight of broadside 331 lbs / 150 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 300
8 - 23.6" / 600 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 1.18" / 30 mm 0.39" / 10 mm -
3rd: 0.39" / 10 mm 0.39" / 10 mm -

- Conning tower: 2.76" / 70 mm

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 36,000 shp / 26,856 Kw = 33.91 kts
Range 2,450nm at 20.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 392 tons

Complement:
138 - 180

Cost:
£0.792 million / $3.168 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 35 tons, 1.9 %
Armour: 19 tons, 1.0 %
- Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 10 tons, 0.6 %
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Conning Tower: 9 tons, 0.5 %
Machinery: 897 tons, 49.6 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 523 tons, 28.9 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 311 tons, 17.2 %
Miscellaneous weights: 25 tons, 1.4 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
511 lbs / 232 Kg = 7.6 x 5.1 " / 130 mm shells or 0.3 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.34
Metacentric height 1.6 ft / 0.5 m
Roll period: 11.0 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 70 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.33
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.20

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 11.50 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 22.21 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 64 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 58
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 20.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 3.28 ft / 1.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 22.97 ft / 7.00 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 19.69 ft / 6.00 m
- Mid (37 %): 19.69 ft / 6.00 m (11.48 ft / 3.50 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 11.48 ft / 3.50 m
- Stern: 11.48 ft / 3.50 m
- Average freeboard: 14.78 ft / 4.51 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 178.3 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 64.9 %
Waterplane Area: 7,908 Square feet or 735 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 71 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 32 lbs/sq ft or 158 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.50
- Longitudinal: 1.83
- Overall: 0.57
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

1929, Ruggiero Class Esploratori

Ships in Class;
Ruggiero (100), Laid down 1929
Guiscardo (100), Laid down 1929
Tancredi (100), Laid down 1929
Roberto (100), Laid down 1929



Ruggiero, Italian Esploratore laid down 1929

Displacement:
2,729 t light; 2,888 t standard; 3,324 t normal; 3,672 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
453.96 ft / 442.91 ft x 40.03 ft x 16.40 ft (normal load)
138.37 m / 135.00 m x 12.20 m x 5.00 m

Armament:
6 - 5.12" / 130 mm guns (3x2 guns), 79.37lbs / 36.00kg shells, 1929 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
on centreline ends, majority forward, 1 raised mount - superfiring
12 - 1.85" / 47.0 mm guns (4x3 guns), 3.86lbs / 1.75kg shells, 1929 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side, all amidships
8 - 0.79" / 20.0 mm guns in single mounts, 0.24lbs / 0.11kg shells, 1929 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side, all amidships
Weight of broadside 524 lbs / 238 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 300
8 - 23.6" / 600 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 1.97" / 50 mm 1.18" / 30 mm -
2nd: 0.79" / 20 mm - -

- Conning tower: 2.76" / 70 mm

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 56,000 shp / 41,776 Kw = 35.01 kts
Range 3,500nm at 20.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 785 tons

Complement:
218 - 284

Cost:
£1.473 million / $5.891 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 55 tons, 1.7 %
Armour: 46 tons, 1.4 %
- Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 33 tons, 1.0 %
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Conning Tower: 13 tons, 0.4 %
Machinery: 1,616 tons, 48.6 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 937 tons, 28.2 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 594 tons, 17.9 %
Miscellaneous weights: 75 tons, 2.3 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
924 lbs / 419 Kg = 13.8 x 5.1 " / 130 mm shells or 0.4 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.30
Metacentric height 2.0 ft / 0.6 m
Roll period: 11.8 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 71 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.54
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.22

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has a flush deck
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 11.07 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 24.14 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 62 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 58
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 20.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 3.28 ft / 1.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 21.33 ft / 6.50 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 18.04 ft / 5.50 m
- Mid (50 %): 16.40 ft / 5.00 m
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 16.40 ft / 5.00 m
- Stern: 16.40 ft / 5.00 m
- Average freeboard: 17.24 ft / 5.26 m
Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 174.0 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 100.7 %
Waterplane Area: 11,325 Square feet or 1,052 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 83 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 42 lbs/sq ft or 203 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.50
- Longitudinal: 1.66
- Overall: 0.56
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is adequate
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

"Soldati" Classe, 1931

8 Ships laid down in 1931.

Alpino, Artigliere, Ascari, Aviere, Bersagliere, Carabiniere, Corazziere e Camicia Nera

5 Ships laid down in 1932

Fuciliere, Geniere, Granatiere, Lanciere e Bombardiere

4 ships laid down in 1933 with 533mm torpedo tubes

Carrista, Corsaro, Legionario e Mitragliere


Soldati, Cacciatorpidiniere laid down 1931

Displacement:
1,560 t light; 1,650 t standard; 1,953 t normal; 2,196 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
379.14 ft / 360.89 ft x 36.09 ft x 13.12 ft (normal load)
115.56 m / 110.00 m x 11.00 m x 4.00 m

Armament:
4x 130mm/45 guns
4 - 5.31" / 135 mm guns (2x2 guns), 70.55lbs / 32.00kg shells, 1931 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
on centreline, all forward, 1 raised mount - superfiring
8 - 1.46" / 37.0 mm guns (2x4 guns), 1.83lbs / 0.83kg shells, 1931 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on centreline, all aft, all raised mounts - superfiring
2 - 0.98" / 25.0 mm guns in single mounts, 0.52lbs / 0.24kg shells, 1931 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side, all forward
Weight of broadside 298 lbs / 135 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 300
8 - 23.6" / 600 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 1.18" / 30 mm 0.79" / 20 mm -
3rd: 0.39" / 10 mm 0.39" / 10 mm -
4th: 0.39" / 10 mm - -

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 32,000 shp / 23,872 Kw = 32.37 kts
Range 3,400nm at 20.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 546 tons

Complement:
146 - 190

Cost:
£0.909 million / $3.637 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 39 tons, 2.0 %
Armour: 15 tons, 0.8 %
- Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 15 tons, 0.8 %
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Conning Tower: 0 tons, 0.0 %
Machinery: 863 tons, 44.2 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 572 tons, 29.3 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 394 tons, 20.2 %
Miscellaneous weights: 70 tons, 3.6 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
620 lbs / 281 Kg = 8.3 x 5.3 " / 135 mm shells or 0.3 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.18
Metacentric height 1.5 ft / 0.5 m
Roll period: 12.5 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 70 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.50
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.04

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 10.00 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 21.97 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 65 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 67
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 30.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 3.28 ft / 1.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 25.92 ft / 7.90 m
- Forecastle (10 %): 19.36 ft / 5.90 m
- Mid (40 %): 19.36 ft / 5.90 m (11.15 ft / 3.40 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (10 %): 11.15 ft / 3.40 m
- Stern: 11.15 ft / 3.40 m
- Average freeboard: 14.72 ft / 4.49 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 163.5 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 71.9 %
Waterplane Area: 8,320 Square feet or 773 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 84 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 37 lbs/sq ft or 181 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.50
- Longitudinal: 1.71
- Overall: 0.57
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform

20t = 2 x 37mm quadruple mounts
24t = 8 x 600mm TT
8t = ASW rockets [Ascari only]
1t = 2x325mm torpedoes [Aviere only]
1t = towed torpedo
7t = 50 DC on racks
9t= SONAR
=70t

150x28kg HE Shells
150x36kg SAP Shells

Impavido Class

4 vessels laid down 1933
Impavido, Indomito, Impetuoso and Insidioso

A large destroyer that grew out of the previous Soldati Class. Their gun armament of 4x135/45 was thought by some to be insufficient for surface action. The Impavido Class used an enlarged hull and mounted 6x135/45. The greater hull size and freeboard gave better performance in a seaway. The Anti-Aircraft armament was increased with the duple 25mm mountings being replaced by duple 37/54 mounts. Two San Giorgio directors were carried on top of the bridge and aft of the 2nd funnel. The anti-submarine armament remained the same with 4x430mm projectors and two scaricabombe aft with 48 charges. 2 Diesel generator sets were mounted above the waterline for continued electrical power in the event of a torpedo hit.

Displacement:
2,094 t light; 2,231 t standard; 2,644 t normal; 2,975 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
407.13 ft / 393.70 ft x 42.65 ft x 13.78 ft (normal load)
124.09 m / 120.00 m x 13.00 m x 4.20 m

Armament:
6 - 5.31" / 135 mm guns (3x2 guns), 70.55lbs / 32.00kg shells, 1933 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
on centreline ends, majority forward, 2 raised mounts - superfiring
8 - 1.46" / 37.0 mm guns (2x4 guns), 1.83lbs / 0.83kg shells, 1933 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side, all aft, all raised mounts - superfiring
20 - 1.46" / 37.0 mm guns (10x2 guns), 1.83lbs / 0.83kg shells, 1933 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side, evenly spread, 4 raised mounts
Weight of broadside 475 lbs / 215 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 300
8 - 23.6" / 600 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 1.42" / 36 mm 0.39" / 10 mm -
3rd: 0.39" / 10 mm 0.39" / 10 mm -
4th: 0.39" / 10 mm - -

- Conning tower: 1.42" / 36 mm

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 40,000 shp / 29,840 Kw = 32.94 kts
Range 4,000nm at 20.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 743 tons

Complement:
183 - 239

Cost:
£1.329 million / $5.317 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 62 tons, 2.3 %
Armour: 25 tons, 0.9 %
- Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 19 tons, 0.7 %
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Conning Tower: 6 tons, 0.2 %
Machinery: 1,115 tons, 42.2 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 835 tons, 31.6 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 551 tons, 20.8 %
Miscellaneous weights: 57 tons, 2.2 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
1,051 lbs / 477 Kg = 14.0 x 5.3 " / 135 mm shells or 0.5 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.35
Metacentric height 2.4 ft / 0.7 m
Roll period: 11.6 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 60 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.43
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.20

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 9.23 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 23.11 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 65 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 20.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 3.28 ft / 1.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 27.89 ft / 8.50 m
- Forecastle (15 %): 21.33 ft / 6.50 m
- Mid (53 %): 21.33 ft / 6.50 m (13.12 ft / 4.00 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (10 %): 13.12 ft / 4.00 m
- Stern: 13.12 ft / 4.00 m
- Average freeboard: 17.86 ft / 5.45 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 158.3 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 152.9 %
Waterplane Area: 10,727 Square feet or 997 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 91 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 42 lbs/sq ft or 206 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.50
- Longitudinal: 2.03
- Overall: 0.57
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

20t = 2 x 37mm quadruple mounts
16t = 8 x 600mm TT
9t= SONAR
7t= scaricabombe
5t=2 x diesel gensets
=57t

150x28kg HE Shells
150x36kg SAP Shells

A small improvement over the previous Soldati class of 18 ships taking into account some of the design work done on the large Impavido-class destroyers and recent developments (Soldati is a 1931 design).

The armament is rearranged to give equal firepower fore and aft. 4x130/45 SP guns are carried as normal. AA armament comprises of ten duple 25mm mountings giving a considerable rise in close-range firepower. Madsen 57mm mountings are being trialled on one of the ships (pictured).

The powerplant is laid out differently, again returning to the unit principle with B-E-B-E to improve protection.

2 examples laid down in 1934

Squadrista, Velite

Cacciatorpediniere, laid down 1934

Displacement:
1,583 t light; 1,675 t standard; 1,953 t normal; 2,176 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
373.73 ft / 360.89 ft x 36.09 ft x 13.12 ft (normal load)
113.91 m / 110.00 m x 11.00 m x 4.00 m

Armament:
4 - 5.31" / 135 mm guns (2x2 guns), 70.55lbs / 32.00kg shells, 1934 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
on centreline ends, evenly spread, 1 raised mount
2 - 2.24" / 57.0 mm guns in single mounts, 5.51lbs / 2.50kg shells, 1934 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side, all amidships
20 - 0.98" / 25.0 mm guns (10x2 guns), 0.55lbs / 0.25kg shells, 1934 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
on side, evenly spread, 4 raised mounts
Weight of broadside 304 lbs / 138 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 300
8 - 23.6" / 600 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 1.42" / 36 mm 0.79" / 20 mm -
2nd: 0.39" / 10 mm 0.39" / 10 mm -
3rd: 0.39" / 10 mm - -

- Conning tower: 1.42" / 36 mm

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 34,000 shp / 25,364 Kw = 32.85 kts
Range 3,200nm at 20.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 500 tons

Complement:
146 - 190

Cost:
£1.036 million / $4.143 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 40 tons, 2.1 %
Armour: 22 tons, 1.1 %
- Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 17 tons, 0.9 %
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Conning Tower: 5 tons, 0.2 %
Machinery: 871 tons, 44.6 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 585 tons, 29.9 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 370 tons, 19.0 %
Miscellaneous weights: 66 tons, 3.4 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
655 lbs / 297 Kg = 8.7 x 5.3 " / 135 mm shells or 0.4 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.35
Metacentric height 1.8 ft / 0.6 m
Roll period: 11.2 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 50 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.38
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.01

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has raised forecastle, rise forward of midbreak
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 10.00 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 21.97 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 65 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 49
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 20.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 3.28 ft / 1.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 26.25 ft / 8.00 m
- Forecastle (10 %): 21.33 ft / 6.50 m (18.04 ft / 5.50 m aft of break)
- Mid (45 %): 18.04 ft / 5.50 m (11.48 ft / 3.50 m aft of break)
- Quarterdeck (10 %): 11.48 ft / 3.50 m
- Stern: 11.48 ft / 3.50 m
- Average freeboard: 14.96 ft / 4.56 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 164.9 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 114.1 %
Waterplane Area: 8,320 Square feet or 773 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 83 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 37 lbs/sq ft or 183 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.50
- Longitudinal: 1.76
- Overall: 0.57
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is adequate

10t = 2 x 57mm mounts
24t = 8 x 600mm TT
7t = Scaricabombe
9t= SONAR
16t = ASW mortar + reloads
=66t

150x28kg HE Shells
150x36kg SAP Shells

Although the short fat escort ship above is a nice design, its rather large and slow. There are plenty of escorts currently in service as well. For destroyers, two sorts are currently in service; small mediterrenean ships and larger oceanic/mini cruiser vessels. With the increasing number of large ships to escort and the increased likelihood of a conflict otuside the Med, these ships go along the same large destroyer path. The previous Impavido Class have been good ships in service and this design follows on from them but with more modern bits and pieces from the in between time.

The need for increased anti aircraft ability lead to the 135mm LA guns being discarded from the design giving an armament of 152/53 or 100/65 guns. The 100/65 was thought to be insufficient for a ship this large and so the 152/53 was adopted, in 4 single turrets, the twin being too large for this ship. Secondary armament will consist of either twin 65/64 guns if they successfully finish trials, or quadruple 47/60 weapons.

Four ships laid down 1936

Rosolino Pilo, Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Pilade Bronzetti, Giuseppe Missori


Displacement:
2,252 t light; 2,414 t standard; 2,833 t normal; 3,169 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
405.34 ft / 393.70 ft x 42.65 ft x 14.76 ft (normal load)
123.55 m / 120.00 m x 13.00 m x 4.50 m

Armament:
4 - 5.98" / 152 mm guns in single mounts, 93.70lbs / 42.50kg shells, 1936 Model
Automatic rapid fire guns in deck mounts with hoists *not actually automatic, just here for +25% weight
on centreline ends, evenly spread, 2 raised mounts - superfiring
8 - 2.56" / 65.0 mm guns (4x2 guns), 9.04lbs / 4.10kg shells, 1936 Model
Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts with hoists
on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
Weight of broadside 447 lbs / 203 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 400
8 - 23.6" / 600 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 1.97" / 50 mm 1.18" / 30 mm 0.79" / 20 mm
2nd: 0.39" / 10 mm 0.39" / 10 mm -

- Conning tower: 2.76" / 70 mm

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 44,000 shp / 32,824 Kw = 33.36 kts
Range 4,000nm at 20.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 755 tons

Complement:
193 - 252

Cost:
£1.597 million / $6.386 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 73 tons, 2.6 %
Armour: 46 tons, 1.6 %
- Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 34 tons, 1.2 %
- Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Conning Tower: 12 tons, 0.4 %
Machinery: 1,164 tons, 41.1 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 819 tons, 28.9 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 582 tons, 20.5 %
Miscellaneous weights: 150 tons, 5.3 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
983 lbs / 446 Kg = 9.2 x 6.0 " / 152 mm shells or 0.4 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.28
Metacentric height 2.2 ft / 0.7 m
Roll period: 12.1 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 50 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.38
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.01

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has a flush deck
and transom stern
Block coefficient: 0.400
Length to Beam Ratio: 9.23 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 23.11 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 65 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 20.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 3.28 ft / 1.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 22.97 ft / 7.00 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 16.40 ft / 5.00 m
- Mid (50 %): 16.40 ft / 5.00 m
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 16.40 ft / 5.00 m
- Stern: 16.40 ft / 5.00 m
- Average freeboard: 16.93 ft / 5.16 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 160.3 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 137.6 %
Waterplane Area: 10,727 Square feet or 997 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 87 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 42 lbs/sq ft or 207 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.50
- Longitudinal: 1.67
- Overall: 0.57
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

300 HE shells, 100 AP per gun

Antonio Mosto Laid down 1937
Ippolito Nievo Laid down 1937
Francesco Nullo Laid down 1937
Simone Schiaffino Laid down 1937

Displacement:
1,588 t light; 1,710 t standard; 2,042 t normal; 2,308 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
(395.73 ft / 377.30 ft) x 36.09 ft x (13.12 / 14.19 ft)
(120.62 m / 115.00 m) x 11.00 m x (4.00 / 4.33 m)

Armament:
6 - 3.94" / 100.0 mm 65.0 cal guns - 33.83lbs / 15.35kg shells, 400 per gun
Breech loading guns in deck and hoist mounts, 1937 Model
3 x Twin mounts on centreline ends, majority forward
2 raised mounts - superfiring
4 - 1.85" / 47.0 mm 40.0 cal guns - 3.04lbs / 1.38kg shells, 2,000 per gun
Anti-air guns in deck mount, 1937 Model
1 x Quad mount on centreline, aft deck centre
1 raised mount
12 - 0.98" / 25.0 mm 77.0 cal guns - 0.54lbs / 0.25kg shells, 4,000 per gun
Anti-air guns in deck mounts, 1937 Model
12 x Single mounts on side ends, evenly spread
Weight of broadside 222 lbs / 101 kg
4 - 23.6" / 600 mm, 26.25 ft / 8.00 m torpedoes - 2.152 t each, 8.609 t total
In 1 sets of deck mounted centre rotating tubes

Armour:
- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 1.18" / 30 mm 0.79" / 20 mm -
2nd: 0.39" / 10 mm 0.39" / 10 mm -
3rd: 0.39" / 10 mm - -

- Conning towers: Forward 2.76" / 70 mm, Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
Geared drive, 2 shafts, 34,000 shp / 25,364 Kw = 32.80 kts
Range 3,500nm at 20.00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 597 tons

Complement:
151 - 197

Cost:
£1.146 million / $4.585 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 78 tons, 3.8 %
- Guns: 70 tons, 3.4 %
- Torpedoes: 9 tons, 0.4 %
Armour: 32 tons, 1.6 %
- Armament: 22 tons, 1.1 %
- Conning Tower: 10 tons, 0.5 %
Machinery: 889 tons, 43.5 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 539 tons, 26.4 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 454 tons, 22.2 %
Miscellaneous weights: 50 tons, 2.4 %
- Hull below water: 10 tons
- On freeboard deck: 30 tons
- Above deck: 10 tons

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
672 lbs / 305 Kg = 22.0 x 3.9 " / 100 mm shells or 0.4 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.14
Metacentric height 1.4 ft / 0.4 m
Roll period: 12.8 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 70 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.40
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.03

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has rise forward of midbreak,
a normal bow and large transom stern
Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.400 / 0.418
Length to Beam Ratio: 10.45 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 22.38 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 64 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 68
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 30.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 3.28 ft / 1.00 m
Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
Fore end, Aft end
- Forecastle: 10.00 %, 26.25 ft / 8.00 m, 19.69 ft / 6.00 m
- Forward deck: 25.00 %, 19.69 ft / 6.00 m, 19.69 ft / 6.00 m
- Aft deck: 55.00 %, 11.48 ft / 3.50 m, 11.48 ft / 3.50 m
- Quarter deck: 10.00 %, 11.48 ft / 3.50 m, 11.48 ft / 3.50 m
- Average freeboard: 14.62 ft / 4.46 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 157.3 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 136.3 %
Waterplane Area: 8,698 Square feet or 808 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 91 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 36 lbs/sq ft or 174 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.51
- Longitudinal: 1.42
- Overall: 0.56
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform

10t = Sonar
15t = lanciabombe
10t = scaricabombe